History

DIRECTORS

William Wheaton, 1963–1968
Melvin Webber, 1968–1988
Peter Hall, 1990–1991
Judith Innes, 1992–2003
David Dowall, 2004–2008
Robert Cervero, Interim, 2009–present

A BRIEF HISTORIC OVERVIEW

As established in 1962, IURD comprised centers that later formed their own independent entities: the Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics (now the Fisher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics), which subsequently moved to the School of Business Administration (now the Haas School of Business); and the Center for Planning and Development Research, which became the Center for Environmental Design (CEDR).  IURD continues to open many research umbrellas, some of which have led to the creation of new independent research centers, others of which have remained under the auspices of IURD:

 1972 Environmental Simulation Laboratory (ESL) created within IURD, with funding from the National Science Foundation (Donald Appleyard, Departments of City and Regional Planning (DCRP) and Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning (LAEP); Kenneth Craik, Department of Psychology).  ESL was later transferred to CEDR under the leadership of Peter Bosselmann (DCRP, LAEP).
 1982 Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE) created within IURD (Stephen Cohen, DCRP; John Zysman, Department of Political Science). BRIE set up its own offices in 1996.
 1983 Berkeley Planning Journal began publication, edited by DCRP graduate students, with technical and financial support from IURD.
 1986 University-Oakland Metropolitan Forum created as IURD's major community outreach unit (Ed Blakely, DCRP; Chancellor I. Michael Heyman; Melvin Webber, DCRP; David Dowall, DCRP). 
 1988 Biotechnology Industry Research Group (Ed Blakely, DCRP; Suzanne Scotchmer, Department of Public Policy). 
 1988 UC Transportation and Research Center (UCTC) created, spinning off from IURD's transportation research agenda (Melvin Webber, DCRP). 
 1991 National Transit Access Center (NTRAC) created to study how to encourage housing and mixed-use development around rail transit stations and to bring the research to policymakers (Peter Hall, DCRP; Michael Bernick, now with California Employment Development Department).
 1994 Bay Area Community Outreach Partnership Center (BACOPC), a partnership of UC Berkeley (IURD), San Francisco State University, and Stanford University, funded by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (Judith Innes, DCRP; Victor Rubin, University-Oakland Metropolitan Forum). 
 1995 Bay Area Defense Conversion Action Team (BADCAT), a partnership of IURD and the Bay Area Economic Forum, funded by the James Irvine Foundation (Judith Innes, DCRP; Sunne McPeak, Bay Area Economic Forum). 
 1995 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) laboratory set up in IURD to evaluate land use and growth management (John Landis, DCRP). 
 1995 Joint Community Development Program established with a $2.4 million grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, with additional support from the Chancellor (Judith Innes, DCRP; Victor Rubin, University-Oakland Metropolitan Forum). 
 1996 Campus-Community Coalition established to engage faculty and student researchers in revitalization of Berkeley neighborhing Southside (Judith Innes, DCRP; Barbara Hadenfeldt, IURD). 
 1997 The Berkeley Alliance created, a partnership of the City of Berkeley, the Berkeley Unified School District, and UC Berkeley (IURD and the Community Relations Office). 
 2000 The Community Partnerships Office replaces the University-Oakland Metropolitan Forum as IURD's community collaborations center (CPO Director Heather Hood). 
 2004 The Center for Cities and Schools established to bridge the fields of education and urban policy and foster a collaborative environment linking the university, public schools, community leaders, and neighborhood residents (CC&S Director Deborah McKoy, Deputy Director Jeff Vincent).
 2004 IURD was chosen to administer a new campuswide academic and research initiative, the Center for Global Metropolitan Studies (Co-Chairs Elizabeth Deakin, DCRP; Peter Evans, Department of Sociology). Two interdisciplinary research programs established: the Shrinking Cities International Scholars Group and Agriculture at the Metropolitan Edge. 
 2004 IURD became home to the prestigious Journal of Planning Education and Research through 2008 (Karen Christensen, DCRP; Karen Chapple, DCRP).
 2006 The Center for Community Innovation (CCI) replaces the Community Partnerships Office.  CCI remains the center of IURD's community collaborations.  Under the leadership of Executive Director Karen Chapple (DCRP) and Director Heather Hood, CCI takes community collaborations to a higher level, with extensive work in policy and practice research, service to communities, and serving as forum for exchanging ideas and encouraging community entrepreneurship and innovation. 

THE SIXTIES

In the 1960s, IURD established itself as a campuswide research home to social science researchers from many departments, including law, sociology, criminology, geography, psychology, and public health.  The research agenda mirrored the social unrest of that decade, including the disparities in economic opportunities and access to social services in American and world cities.  The largest projects from the early 1960s were the BART impact studies funded by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (Melvin Webber), and a study of human rehabilitation services sponsored by federal and state health departments (John Dyckman, William Wheaton, Nathan Glazer).

THE SEVENTIES

In the 1970s, the Institute engaged in collaborative efforts with other social science research units on campus, including the Survey Research Center, the Institute of International Studies, and the Institute of Governmental Studies.  Much of the research focused on state planning and policy, National Science Foundation-sponsored studies on growth control, changes in the labor force, and regional growth patterns.  Transportation policy, always a major focus of IURD research, included a comparative study of Bay Area transportation modes and a Caltrans-funded examination of transportation investments around the world.  Studies of the natural environment began in the 1970s with a decade-long grant from the UC Sea Grant Program (Tom Dickert and Robert Twiss, LAEP) on coastal zone analysis and management.  The seventies saw the radical approaches of city and regional planning and psychology faculty applied to the urban environment with the creation of the Environmental Simulation Laboratory, funded by the National Science Foundation.  In 1975, Galen Cranz (Department of Architecture) produced an historical analysis of the role of public parks in American urban life.  The Ford Foundation supported a study of urban social movements and how community and grassroots organizations affect society (Janice Perlman, DCRP [now at Trinity College, Hartford]).

THE EIGHTIES

The University-Oakland Metropolitan Forum was established in the early 1980s, under the guidance of several city and regional planning faculty, along with then-Chancellor Ira Michael Heyman, Vice Chancelor John Cummins, Oakland Mayor Lionel Wilson, and other Oakland civic, community service, and business organizations.  Through the Forum, IURD faculty and graduate students increasingly applied their research methodologies and theories to community programs and problems.

International research was a principal thrust of IURD research in the 1980s.  IURD was the original home to the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE), established by city and regional planning and political science faculty and other senior researchers in 1982.

Research on the newly emerging biotechnology industry was undertaken at BRIE, as well as by city and regional planning and public policy faculty who created the Biotechnology Industry Research Group, also part of IURD, in 1988.  Focus on US defense spending began at IURD in the 1980s with a long-term evaluation of the location of defense-related industries and their effect on regional growth.  In the 1990s, Director Innes made IURD the center of the campus's involvement in defense conversion in Northern California.

THE NINETIES

At a time when IURD was generating tremendous momentum for our innovative collaborations in Oakland and other local communities, and Director Peter Hall was taking the Institute in new directions of international planning and policy studies, the University was hit with potentially disastrous budget cuts.  General Funds support dwindled to its level of ten years before.  IURD responded to this challenge in two ways: by working harder to increase outside support from foundations and federal, state, and local governments; and by engaging the administrative staff in more direct program and project activities.  Office manager Barbara Hadenfeldt became staff coordinator for the National Transit Access Center (NTRAC), helping with project coordination, student researcher oversight, organizing statewide conferences, and preparation of reports.  She assisted Professor Allan Jacobs's presentations on major boulevards in New York and Sacramento.  She later served as staff coordinator to The Berkeley Alliance, a newly formed collaboration with the City of Berkeley and the Berkeley Unified School District.  Accounts manager Miho Rahm became program coordinator of the eleven separate community development projects comprising the HUD-sponsored Joint Community Development Program.  Payroll/Personnel Manager Carey Pelton also worked directly with the community through the Joint Community Development Program.  Publications Manager Chris Amado prepared graphics presentations, newsletters, press releases, and web-based surveys for many faculty and student associates.

During the 1990s, IURD became increasinly involved in locally-based community research involving students and faculty from the professional schools in innovative planning, design, and development.  This community-based work has provided hundreds of opportunities for students — particularly graduate students from the professional schools, but also undergraduates — to apply their ideas and skills to Oakland, Alameda, Richmond, Berkeley, San Francisco, and other cities in the Bay Area.  The HUD-sponsored Community Development Work Study Program has provided over two dozen two-year fellowships to minority Master's students in DCRP.  The fellowships offer two years of full tuition and work stipends as IURD places the students in internships in community-based agencies.  Many of these internships have led to post-graduation employment for the students.

Between 1994 and 1999, IURD hosted over 70 seminars on urban and regional planning and policy issues.  A special series hosted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy facilitated debate on California policy issues relating to land use and development by bringing together state representatives, university faculty, and students to form a crucible for discussion and action in relevant policy areas.  Brownbag lunch seminar presentations featured visiting scholars from IURD and other research units.

1994–1995

  • The Bay Area Community Outreach Partnership Center, in which IURD collaborated with San Francisco State and Stanford Universities, was funded by a grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development that supported community work in Oakland, San Francisco, Berkeley, and East Palo Alto.
  • The National Transit Access Center, established at IURD to encourage housing and mixed-use development around rail transit stops, increased its visibility with joint conferences in Los Angeles, New York, Puerto Rico, San Jose, Sacramento, and San Diego.  NTRAC research (Peter Hall, Michael Bernick, Robert Cervero) that focused on building new communities at rail transit stations led to creation of the Fruitvale BART Transit Village, with groundbreaking ceremonies held in October 1999.
  • The Bay Area Defense Conversion Action Team (BADCAT) was established with a grant from the James Irvine Foundation to the Bay Area Economic Forum, in partnership with IURD.  Director Innes represented the university on the East Bay Conversion and Reinvestment Commission, sponsored by then-Congressman Ronald Dellums.  Josh Kirschenbaum, now with PolicyLink in Oakland, served as Defense Conversion Coordinator for IURD.
  • IURD Director Innes and co-PI Judith Gruber (Department of Political Science) evaluated thirteen cases of major consensus building efforts for growth management and other policymaking in California, which led to a study in 1996–97 of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s coordination work in implementing the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA).
  • IURD helped John Landis set up a small Geographic Information Systems (GIS) lab where faculty and several graduate students created the California Urban Futures Model to simulate alternative growth and development policy options in California.

1995–1996

  • The Joint Community Development (JCD) Program was established, a remarkable partnership through which the resources of UC Berkeley were brought to bear on a large number of interrelated community-building projects.  The JCD Program was funded primarily by a three-year, $2.4 million grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, with supplementary funding from the Chancellor’s Office.  The components of the program grew into a vast network of organizations and hundreds of residents and brought about direct physical improvements to several Oakland neighborhoods.  We continue to build on the JCD networks through the Center for Community Innovation’s work in Oakland.
  • Building on Melvin Webber’s study of BART in the 1960s, Elizabeth Deakin led a three-year evaluation of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (“BART at Twenty”).
  • In January 1977, Professors John Landis and Michael Southworth (DCRP, LAEP), along with several graduate students, held a two-week-long training course for a group of 20 Russian planners and architects.  Topics included housing in the public and private sectors, the role of city planning in the U.S., environmental planning, and project finance.
  • Director Innes headed an academic advisory panel to assess the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) role in the Bay Area regional economy.  Specifically, the panel studied the economic impacts of a proposal by Bay Area Economics, a local consultant, to develop a $1.1 billion national ignition facility (NIF) as the central component of LLNL’s confinement fusion program
  • Professor Allan Jacobs, along with Ph.D. students Elizabeth Macdonald (now Assistant Professor, DCRP) and Yodan Rofé, received funding from the UC Transportation Center to advance their findings that major boulevards not only enhance the aesthetics of neighborhoods but also contribute to pedestrian safety and comfort.

1996–1997

  • The Campus–Community Coalition grew out of a campus decision to engage faculty and graduate students in efforts to revitalize the city of Berkeley’s Southside area.  IURD Manager Hadenfeldt coordinated a team of undergraduates who worked primarily with the Telegraph Area Association, a nonprofit coalition of Southside businesses, cultural institutions, the university, the City of Berkeley, residents, property owners, and others interested in the neighborhood’s well-being and development.
  • In spring 1997, the University–Oakland Metropolitan Forum convened a research roundtable for the Oakland Child Health and Safety Initiative.  HUD Work Study Fellows Nadine Wilmot and Yoruba Richen worked with Professor Percy Hintzen (Department of African American Studies) and Robert Haynes, curator of the African American Museum and Library, to design a permanent oral history exhibit on race relations in Oakland.
  • Mary Comerio (Department of Architecture) and John Landis were funded by UC’s California Policy Research Center and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to examine the current state of earthquake recovery practices in California, with emphasis on housing.  This research continues, and Professor Comerio has set up a lab within IURD to process the enormous amount of data essential to their current research on cost impacts of a major earthquake to the University campus and to the City of Berkeley.  The present study here at UC Berkeley is providing a prototype for universities across the nation.

1997–1998

  • Elizabeth Deakin (DCRP) served as Acting Director during Director Innes's sabbatical.
  • The Berkeley Alliance brought together the resources of the City of Berkeley, the Berkeley Unified School District, and the university, along with community organizations and businesses, in a partnership to address specific community needs and issues.
  • Karen Christensen built upon previous Institute research with her study of affordable housing in California.  A March 1998 conference on East Bay Section 8 housing drew over 125 participants:  elected officials, representatives of HUD and other housing providers, citizen activists, and researchers.  In a related study, city planning Ph.D. student Karen Chapple (now Assistant Professor) and Professor Michael Teitz examined the social networks and job-hunt strategies of women on welfare.
  • International research included geography Professor Bernard Nietschmann’s efforts to establish a program of sustained resource use for Nicaragua’s Miskito Coast, and AnnaLee Saxenian’s research on transnational entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and Taiwan’s Hsinchu region. Robert Cervero produced a global assessment of suburban transit patterns and ways to improve low-density transportation options with public transit service innovations.

1998–1999

  • John Landis and Karen Christensen began working with the California Department of Housing and Community Development to document California’s housing crisis and identify feasible strategies for action.
  • Judith Innes began a study of collaborative approaches to water policy making, focusing particularly on the innovative CALFED.
  • Results of the Joint Community Development Program included groundbreaking for Fruitvale’s Sanborn Park, designed by professors Walter Hood (LAEP) and Louise Mozingo (LAEP).  Randolph Hester (LAEP) involved a team of Oakland youth in the design of a new waterfront park at Union Point on Oakland’s estuary; and the renovation of Fruitvale Plaza Park (Pocket Park) in Oakland was completed.

THE TWO THOUSANDS

As we move into the new century, the demand for IURD research and partnership activities is growing exponentially.  Not only do our faculty have national recognition for their work among policymakers and public agencies, but problems of metropolitan areas are garnering more public attention than at any time in the last thirty years.  The US is now 80% urban and the public, the business community, and political leadership have grown impatient with congestion, sprawl, and lack of housing choices.  The idea of reinvesting in inner cities is now on the national agenda. There is a growing interest, moreover, among public agencies and foundations in developing and supporting university–community partnerships, where IURD has been a pioneer.

1999–2002

  • John Landis assessed California’s housing needs county by county through the year 2020, concluding that the state will need an unprecedented amount of new housing construction—more than 200,000 units per year—and substantial investment and innovation in housing development policy, financing, and planning.
  • Judith Innes and Judith Gruber analyzed a major metropolitan planning organization, discovering that effective, regional decisions were reached only when stakeholders engaged in collaborative policy dialogue, which allowed participants to address parochial interests and still focus on the region’s overall welfare.
  • Mary Comerio’s comprehensive work on the Disaster-Resistant Universities Initiative established loss and risk reduction measures for major universities and their surrounding communities, helping them to estimate the structural and economic impacts of natural disasters and focus on the importance of loss reduction programs and business resumption planning.
  • Karen Chapple found that workforce development programs have had great success placing disadvantaged women and minorities into information technology occupations, and continued to examine whether they are realizing career advancement and increased employment security in the IT field.
  • The Community Partnerships Office (now the Center for Community Innovation) partnered with the 7th Street/McClymonds Corridor Neighborhood in West Oakland, developing a computer model to track gentrification, installing a landscape installation celebrating the community’s local jazz and blues history, developing social indicators with resident input, and documenting the area’s brownfield sites as a precursor to redevelopment plans.
  • Linda Jewell (LAEP) helped bring hundreds of aging outdoor theatres in American cities and parks up to contemporary building code standards, analyzing features unique to each site to assure that renovation maintained the structures’ character.
  • Michael Hanemann and Michael Ward (Department of Agriculture & Resource Economics) teamed with environmental studies colleagues at other universities to develop an economic model for estimating the impacts of pollutants on urban beaches and their surrounding communities, as well as address pollution prevention and mitigation measures.
  • Robert Cervero partnered with five experts from economics and transportation consulting firms to assess the benefits and costs of transit-oriented development (TOD).  The group surveyed a large cross-section of US transit and redevelopment agencies to get a broad view of TOD-related issues, experiences, and insights and highlighted best practices and success stories, showcasing physical design, creative financing, and future policy directions.
  • The Community Partnerships Office (now the Center for Community Innovation) won accolades for its alliance with a local community law center, advising community members how to be proactively involved in revitalizing their neighborhood — the first clinical collaboration between the planning and law disciplines at a major university.

2002–2003

  • Susan Schweik (Department of English) and Fred Collignon (DCRP) began a new research program training advanced scholars to become leaders in disability studies and rehabilitation research, teaching and mentorship. Under the program, three nine-month fellowships are awarded annually for five years.
  • Robert Cervero published an evaluation of San Francisco’s City CarShare program — an innovative, market-based urban transportation initiative where cars are shared through cooperative arrangements. He found that two years after the program’s inception, nearly 30 percent of members had rid themselves of one or more cars and reduced not only their total vehicular travel, but also per capita gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • John Landis and Heather Hood created an interactive GIS website to help advocates, policymakers, and nonprofit developers identify affordable housing sites in Oakland.
  • In collaboration with the Eastmont Computing Center in Oakland and UC’s Interactive University, IURD’s Community Partnerships Office (now the Center for Community Innovation) implemented an innovative after-school course for high school students from low-income and minority neighborhoods in East Oakland, combining writing and computer and video instruction that ultimately helped students’ preparation of personal statements for college admissions.
  • Judith Innes began a complex, multi-year evaluation of the James Irvine Foundation’s Collaborative Regional Initiatives — nonprofit organizations that engage key players from business, environmental, and a variety of other advocacy groups with players from local governments and public agencies to create improvements in their regions.
  • John Landis published an analysis of California’s projected population boom through the year 2100, forecasting dramatic growth in the Southern California and greater Sacramento regions, where growth will at least double, and in the San Joaquin Valley, where urban growth is projected to more than triple.
  • Yehuda Kalay (Department of Architecture) completed work on a book entitled Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design — filling an urgent need for a current, comprehensive understanding of the nature of both design and information technology.

2003–2004

  • Judith Innes stepped down as IURD director in 2003, and David Dowall assumed leadership of the Institute in 2004.
  • David Dowall launched the “California at 50,000,000” urban futures initiative, with well-attended colloquia exploring the demographic, economic, and environmental impacts on state resources with a state population projected to hit 50 million over the next twenty years.
  • The Center for Cities and Schools was formally launched within IURD. The result of five years’ work connecting education and urban revitalization in the Bay Area and across the nation, the Center makes visible the ways in which cities and schools are interconnected and fosters a collaborative environment linking the university, public schools, community leaders, and neighborhood residents.
  • IURD became home to the prestigious Journal of Planning Education and Research.  Karen Christensen (DCRP) and Karen Chapple (DCRP) have jointly undertaken the editorship of this esteemed refereed journal on contemporary trends and issues in planning through 2008.
  • The US Department of Housing and Urban Development awarded IURD its maximum five fellowships to help city planning graduate students prepare for careers in community planning and development.
  • Autism specialist Dan Gillette of the Cure Autism Now Foundation teamed with Fred Collignon (DCRP) to work on innovative technology for the autism community.
  • IURD held the first west coast conference of the Housing Statistics Users Group, featuring federal data experts discussing the latest in American Housing Survey and Census data.

2004–2005

  • At the behest of the Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute in China, David Dowall and Harrison Fraker (Dean, College of Environmental Design) developed new principles and prototypes for transit-oriented development in Tianjin, China’s third largest city with a population of ten million.
  • David Dowall and Karen Chapple (DCRP) led a graduate studio course that produced a strategic plan for sustainable tourism development in Krabi Province, Thailand, still struggling to recover from the tsunami that swept through December 26, 2004.
  • International work continued to thrive through IURD’s participation in a consortium headed by the international policy advisory and research firm ARD, Inc.  Under a contract to implement a Cross-Sectoral Urban Training program for USAID staff, Dowall directed an international team of academics and other experts, producing two training programs and a speaker series geared to USAID urban development professionals.
  • Margaret Weir (Department of Sociology) began work on Building Resilient Regions, investigating how regions can successfully meet often staggering economic and demographic challenges.
  • Karen Chapple published findings of her examination of entry-level information technology (IT) jobs as opportunities for jobseekers with minimal education to cross the ‘digital divide.’  Training program graduates found their wages increase from $13/hour in retail, service and construction jobs to $20/hour in IT.
  • John Landis and Heather Hood conducted a California-wide inventory of potential infill housing sites, concluding the state has enough potential infill parcels, comprising over 200,000 acres of vacant and underutilized sites, to reasonably meet housing demand over the next 10–20 years.
  • Judith Innes, Karen Christensen, AnnaLee Saxenian (DCRP), and Judith Gruber (Department of Political Science) completed their multi-year investigation of Collaborative Regional Initiatives, discerning five elements critical to their success: their theory of change, leadership style, regional fit, use of research, and network structure.
  • Intermediate findings of Robert Cervero’s City CarShare investigation indicated that car-sharing is saving 13,000 miles of vehicle travel, 720 gallons of gasoline, and 20,000 pounds of carbon-dioxide emissions per day.
  • The Community Partnerships Office (now the Center for Community Innovation) was lauded for its work in Oakland’s Lower San Antonio district, identifying potential affordable housing sites and attracting potential housing developers.
  • The Center for Cities and Schools began the formation of two new fields of study in the College of Environmental Design and the Graduate School of Education, allowing planning and design students to specialize in education and education students to develop a specialty in planning and/or design.
  • The Shrinking Cities International Scholars Group was formed (now a program within the Center for Global Metropolitan Studies).  Comprising academics and planning professionals across four continents, the Shrinking Cities Group strategically addresses, from a unique global perspective, the phenomena of cities experiencing dramatic decline in their economic and social bases.

2005–2006

  • The Center for Community Innovation (CCI) was launched.  Continuing IURD's commitment to community partnerships, CCI nurtures effective solutions that expand economic opportunity, diversity housing options, and strengthen connection to place.  CCI works extensively with community-based organizations and government clients to evaluate programs and make academic research more accessible to practitioners.
  • With a Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC) grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Center for Community Innovation worked with the Regional Equity Demonstration Project in Richmond, California, to study whether and how revitalization is possible without significant displacement in communities.
  • IURD held a Bay Area Public Officials Leadership Forum, hosted by John Landis (DCRP) and Gary Binger (Urban Land Institute).  Drawing city managers, mayors, and county supervisors, the forum convened experts in municipal finance, public leadership, and regional decision-making to address the future of Bay Area real estate markets, development economics, infrastructure finance, and development policy and politics.
  • Agriculture at the Metropolitan Edge (AME), an interdisciplinary research program, was established within IURD's Center for Global Metropolitan Studies.  AME bridges sustainable agriculture and new urbanism, embracing the power of place-making that can help American agriculture move from an artificially narrow production focus to encompass broader resource preservation values.  As a place-based and systems-based framework, it nurtures the symbiotic relationship between urban and rural areas.
  • Robert Cervero published his final work in the study of the impacts of San Francisco's pioneering City CarShare program on travel behavior and car ownership patterns.  Evidence clearly demonstrated a net reduction in the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and fuel consumption of City CarShare members.  In addition, the significant use of transit for accessing car-sharing vehicles suggested real synergies between public transit and car-sharing.
  • IURD hosted the Mayors' Institute on City Design, established by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1986.  The forum convened Northern California mayors with a resource team of academics and professionals in the fields of planning and design to discuss all aspects of city design.  Resource teams collaborated with mayors in a number of mini-charrettes to produce potential solutions the mayors could take home.
  • Working with San Francisco teachers, the Center for Cities and Schools (CC&S) documented Social Enterprises for Learning (SEfL) projects — civic-oriented projects that provide students with unique opportunities to learn core academic knowledge and life skills by engaging directly with the community as a context for learning.  CC&S developed a SEfL Toolkit and Curriculum Guide to enable other teachers and community organizations to work together in productive, meaningful ways.
  • The Center for Global Metropolitan Studies held two major events:  an inaugural lecture featuring Sir Peter Hall (DCRP emeritus) and a lecture on regional planning by Thomas Sieverts of Darmstadt Institute of Technology, Germany.  Key research themes emerging under the GMS umbrella include a California strategic planning initiative, sustainable metropolitan development, green urban and regional design, and metropolitan land use planning and development in China.